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    • 专利摘要:
    A method for controlling the orientation of a single-axis solar tracker (1) orientable around an axis of rotation (A), said method implementing the following steps: a) observing the evolution over time of the cloud cover above the solar tracker (1); b) determining the evolution over time of an optimum angle of inclination of the solar tracker (1) substantially corresponding to a maximum of solar radiation on the solar tracker (1), depending on the cloud cover observed; (c) predict future changes in cloud cover based on previous observed cloud cover trends; d) calculate the future evolution of the optimum angle of inclination according to the forecast of the future evolution of the cloud cover; e) to control the orientation of the solar tracker (1) according to the previous evolution of the optimal angle of inclination and according to the future evolution of the optimal angle of inclination. The present invention finds application in the field of solar trackers or "solar tracker".
    公开号:FR3037133A1
    申请号:FR1555063
    申请日:2015-06-03
    公开日:2016-12-09
    发明作者:Jerome Arliaud；Adrien Crucifix；Philippe Blanc
    申请人:Optimum Tracker SAS；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] The present invention relates to a method for controlling the orientation of a single-axis solar tracker, and to a single-axis solar tracker designed for the implementation of such a method. The invention relates to the field of solar trackers, otherwise called follower or "solar tracker" support systems, designed to support solar collectors, generally of the photovoltaic panel type. It relates more particularly to solar trackers of the single-axis type, that is to say orientable along a single main axis of rotation, for rotation to follow the sun during its rise and its descent from east to west. . For accuracy, such a principal axis of rotation extends generally horizontally and substantially parallel to the ground on which the solar tracker is anchored. In this field, it is conventional to enslave the orientation of the solar tracker based on an astronomical calculation of the position of the sun, for a positioning in real time in front of the sun. This type of servocontrol, however, has a major disadvantage in offering a yield deficit in certain meteorological conditions, and we will usefully refer to Figure 1 for explanation; this figure 1 comprising four diagrams (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d) each illustrating two solar trackers ST in different weather conditions, and with the sun SO always in the same position. Diagram (1a) illustrates ideal meteorological conditions, in the absence of clouds, and the solar trackers ST are oriented in front of the sun SO in order to benefit from a maximum direct solar radiation. Under these optimal conditions with zero cloud cover, servocontrol on the sun position SO provides maximum operation; such a servocontrol corresponding to a servo of the orientation of the solar tracker on a so-called direct inclination angle defined by the direction of the direct solar radiation Rdir at the level of the solar tracker. Diagrams (1b), (1c) and (1d) illustrate degraded meteorological conditions, with different cloud cover depending in particular on the cloud surface or surface covered, the types of NU clouds present, the number and position of cloud NU vis-à-vis the sun SO. In such cloudy conditions, servocontrol on the position of the sun SO may not provide the best efficiency, by not taking into account the diffuse solar radiation Rdif. Diffuse solar Radiation is manifested when direct solar radiation rays disperses in NU clouds and atmospheric particles. The diffuse solar radiation Rdif results from the diffraction of light by NU clouds and various molecules suspended in the atmosphere. The diffuse solar radiation Rdif therefore does not necessarily follow the direction defined by the sun SO towards the observation point on the surface of the Earth. Therefore, in cloudy conditions, it may be preferable, to obtain a maximum yield under these conditions, to orient the solar trackers ST on a so-called indirect or diffuse orientation in a direction of diffuse solar radiation Rdif that does not correspond 15 necessarily to the direction of direct solar radiation Rdir; such a servocontrol corresponding to a servocontrol of the orientation of the solar tracker on a so-called diffuse inclination angle defined by the direction of the diffuse solar radiation Rdif at the level of the solar tracker. In diagrams (1b), (1c) and (1d), the solar trackers ST are precisely oriented at diffuse inclination angles that are distinct from the direct inclination angle, in order to offer optimum performance. Thus, the skilled person would be tempted to enslave, in real time, the orientation of the solar tracker on an optimum angle of inclination corresponding to maximum solar radiation. In the absence of a cloud, the optimum angle of inclination would correspond to the direct angle of inclination and, in the presence of a cloud cover or even a single cloud in front of the sun, the optimum angle of inclination would correspond to a diffuse angle of inclination. To do this, it would suffice to measure the amplitude of the radiation in different directions, and to establish the direction corresponding to a maximum amplitude 30 to deduce the optimum angle of inclination. However, doing so would have many disadvantages, all based on the variation of solar radiation diffuse over time. Indeed, according to the temporal evolution of the cloud layer (due to the movement of the clouds under the effect of the winds) and according to the composition of this cloud layer (number, dimensions, location and types of clouds), the solar radiation diffuse can vary more or less 3037133 3 quickly and thus the optimum angle of inclination can vary more or less quickly over time. Thus, by controlling the orientation of the solar tracker on this optimum angle of inclination, the solar tracker can be brought to change orientation 5 more or more often and more or less quickly. However, each change of orientation requires at least one actuator (generally an electric motor), generating an electrical consumption and a wear of the mechanical members urged by the change of orientation (bearings, guide elements in rotation, etc.). These electrical consumptions and wear will not necessarily be offset by the productivity gains obtained by settling in real time on the optimum angle of inclination. By way of example, starting from a starting situation where the optimum inclination angle corresponds to the direct inclination angle, due to the absence of a cloud between the sun and the solar tracker, if a single cloud passes in front of the sun for a few minutes, the optimal angle of inclination will be changed during these few minutes and then recover the direct angle of inclination. To enslave in real time the orientation of the solar tracker on the optimum angle of inclination would, in this case, to move the solar tracker during these few minutes, for a benefit certainly very small with regard to the electrical consumption of the actuators and wear. The present invention aims to solve these disadvantages by proposing a method for controlling the orientation of a single-axis solar tracker, implementing a step of predicting the evolution of the cloud cover so as not to enslave systematically the orientation of the solar tracker on the optimal angle of inclination, but to anticipate the evolution of this optimal angle of inclination to apply an advantageous compromise between the gains of productivity in solar energy and the losses in a electric consumption the actuator or actuators, and possibly taking into account the wear 30 caused by the changes of orientation. For this purpose, it proposes a method for controlling the orientation of a single-axis orientable solar tracker around an axis of rotation, said method implementing the following steps: a) observing the evolution over time of cloud cover over the solar tracker; B) determine the evolution over time of an optimum angle of inclination of the solar tracker corresponding substantially to a maximum of solar radiation on the solar tracker, depending on the observed cloud cover; (c) predict future changes in cloud cover on the basis of observed past cloud cover; d) calculate the future evolution of the optimum angle of inclination according to the forecast of the future evolution of the cloud cover; e) control the orientation of the solar tracker according to the previous evolution of the optimum inclination angle and according to the future evolution of the optimum inclination angle. Thus, the method implements a forecast, more or less short term, of the future evolution of the optimum angle of inclination; this optimum angle of inclination corresponds to recall to the angle of inclination of the solar tracker which offers the highest solar luminance as a function of the cloud cover, this optimal angle of inclination possibly corresponding to either the angle of inclination direct inclination (especially in the absence of a cloud, or at least in the absence of a cloud between the sun and the solar tracker) or at a diffuse angle of inclination that will depend on the composition of the cloud layer (number, dimensions and cloud types, cloud location, cloud surface). Then, depending on this future evolution of the optimum angle of inclination, a slaving of the orientation of the solar tracker can be implemented anticipatively, without following directly and in real time the angle of inclination optimal, thus avoiding changes of orientation that would provide little energy gain, or even provide energy losses, as would be the case for example if a single cloud passes in front of the sun for a short time. According to one characteristic, during step b), the observation of the cloud cover is translated into a two-dimensional mapping of the solar luminance and this mapping is used to determine the optimum angle of inclination. Thus, the observation of the cloud cover is converted into a two-dimensional mapping of the solar luminance received by an observation system, this solar luminance varying according to the observation angle. As time goes by, the mappings make it possible to observe the evolution of the solar luminance (directly dependent on the evolution of the cloud layer), then to establish cartographic forecasts on the future state of the cartography. the solar luminance, and therefore the angle of inclination that would allow the solar tracker to benefit, in the future, a maximum luminance. According to another characteristic, during step a), each mapping is established in two directions, a first and a second direction, and in step b), the optimum inclination angle is calculated for each mapping by implementing the following steps: the mapping constitutes a solar luminance map distributed in bands parallel to the first direction and associated respectively with different elevation angles and along columns parallel to the second direction and respectively associated with different azimuth angles at each band thus corresponding to an angle of inclination of the solar tracker; calculate for each band an equivalent luminance value from the set of luminance values taken in the band; calculating for each band a luminance value perceived by the follower from the equivalent luminance values calculated for all the bands and from the angles of inclination associated with the bands; holding the optimum tilt angle as the tilt angle associated with the band having the highest perceived luminance value. In this way, the calculation of the optimum angle of inclination is based on the calculation of perceived luminance values associated with each band and therefore with each angle of inclination. Advantageously, the first direction is parallel to the axis of rotation of the solar tracker and the second direction is horizontal and orthogonal to the first direction. In addition, the observation of the cloud cover can be carried out by one of the following methods: - taking pictures of the sky from the ground by means of a camera, such as a camera; - measurement of the solar luminance from the ground by means of a set of several photosensitive cells; - recovery of satellite images from the sky above the solar tracker. With an image, the observation corresponds to an image. With a measurement of the solar luminance by photosensitive cells the observation corresponds to a matrix of the measurements made individually by each photosensitive cell, these photosensitive cells being positioned at different angles of inclination, and in particular distributed on a support in form. hemispherical dome to offer a broad view of the sky. With a recovery of satellite images, the observation corresponds to a satellite image 5 of the zone concerned. According to an advantageous characteristic, during step b), a frequency weighting step applied to the observation which is a function of both a frequency response of the observation and a useful frequency band is implemented. to the solar collector. Thus, the frequency weighting will consist in applying a frequency filter that takes into account the spectral response of the solar collector. In a particular embodiment, in order to carry out step a), the cloud cover is periodically observed at several consecutive instants, the instant t corresponding to the present instant and the duration P corresponding to the period of time between two consecutive observations; to perform step b), the optimum angle of inclination is calculated for each observation of the cloud cover at each instant; to perform step c), at each instant present t is calculated at least one forecast of cloud cover at a future time t + nP, where n is a non-zero integer, at least 20 from the observations of the cloud cover at several instants passed tm P, where m is a non-zero integer; to perform step d), for each forecast of cloud cover at a future time t + nP is calculated an optimum angle of inclination. Advantageously, during step d), the optimum angle of inclination 25 for a cloud cover forecast is calculated according to a calculation method equivalent to that used in step b) to calculate the angle of inclination. optimal for an observation of the cloud cover. In other words, the same type of calculation is used to determine the optimal angle of inclination, whether for the observations actually made or for the forecasts that are derived from a provisional calculation, in order to guarantee a match between calculations. In a particular embodiment: to carry out step b), at each instant present t is established a two-dimensional mapping of the solar luminance from observation 35 made at time t, and the angle of Optimal inclination is calculated for each mapping at each instant. To perform step c), at each instant present t is calculated at least one forecast map at a future time t + nP, where n is a non-zero integer, at least from mappings at several instants past t-mP, where m is non-zero integer; 5 - to perform step d), for each forecast mapping at a future time t + nP is calculated an optimal future inclination angle. According to a possibility of the invention, during step e), the enslavement of the orientation of the solar tracker is also performed as a function of the energy consumption necessary to modify the orientation of the solar tracker. In other words, the effective servocontrol takes into account this energy consumption in order to implement or not an orientation according to an optimal future (or forecast) angle of inclination in order to anticipate a change in the cloud cover.
    [0002] According to another characteristic of the invention, during step e), a potential scenario is established in which the angle of inclination of the solar tracker is modified starting from a present inclination angle up to to reach an optimal future inclination angle established in step d), and to this potential scenario are associated calculations of: - the evolution of the angle of inclination of the solar tracker during the change of orientation in from the angle of inclination present until reaching the optimal angle of inclination future, this evolution depending on the speed of displacement in rotation of the solar tracker - the evolution of the energy consumption necessary to modify the orientation of the solar tracker; - the evolution of the additional solar energy production expected with such a change of orientation; - the evolution of expected energy efficiency based on the difference between solar energy production and energy consumption; and then the orientation of the solar tracker is slaved to said future optimum tilt angle if the energy efficiency is generally positive for the scenario, otherwise the orientation of the solar tracker is maintained at the tilt angle present. Thus, the enslavement according to such an optimal future tilt angle 35 (or prediction) will be done only as an energy benefit, so as not to implement a systematic change of orientation at each change in cloud cover. According to another possibility of the invention, during step e), the enslavement of the orientation of the solar tracker is also performed as a function of a so-called direct inclination angle established by an astronomical calculation of the position of the sun. It is indeed interesting to take into account this direct inclination angle, to know the position of the sun and thus consider a direct orientation in front of the sun in the servo logic of step 10 e). In this case, the angle of orientation present in the above-mentioned scenario may correspond to the direct angle of inclination, and the servocontrol will take into account the potential energy efficiency calculated in the event of a change of orientation of the angle of inclination. direct tilt to the optimal tilt angle 15 future. According to another possibility of the invention, during step e), the enslavement of the orientation of the solar tracker is also performed as a function of a wear rate of mechanical members of the solar tracker solicited during a change of orientation of the solar tracker.
    [0003] The invention also relates to a single-axis solar tracker orientable about an axis of rotation, of the type comprising a fixed anchoring structure on the ground and a platform adapted to support at least one solar collector, said platform being operable in rotation on the fixed structure according to said axis of rotation by means of an actuating system, said solar follower being remarkable in that it further comprises a system for observing the evolution over time of the cover cloud over the solar tracker and a control unit connected, on the one hand, with the observation system to receive its observations data and, on the other hand, with the actuation system to control the rotation of the platform, wherein said control unit is shaped to implement steps b) to e) of the control method as described above. Other features and advantages of the present invention will appear on reading the detailed description below, of non-limiting exemplary embodiments, with reference to the appended figures in which: FIG. 1, already commented on comprises four diagrams (1a), (1b), (1c) and (1d) each illustrating two solar trackers in different meteorological conditions; FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of a single-axis solar tracker 5 according to the invention, in which the fixed structure and mobile platform assembly and an observation system of the evolution in time of the cover are illustrated. cloudy; FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a first example of an observation system; FIG. 4 is a flat schematic representation of an observation system equivalent to that of FIG. 3, and a mapping of the solar luminance (on the right) resulting from such an observation system; FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a second example of an observation system; FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of an observation (top left) made by an observation system equivalent to that of FIG. 5, and a mapping of the solar luminance (bottom left). such an observation, after several image processing steps, and an equivalent luminance value matrix (bottom right) resulting from this mapping; FIG. 7a is a schematic side view of four columns of a mapping of the solar luminance, with the azimuth angles associated with the various columns, in order to illustrate the calculation used for the calculation of a value of equivalent luminance for determining the optimum angle of inclination; FIG. 7b is a schematic side view of four bands of a map of the solar luminance, with the elevation or inclination angles associated with the different bands, in order to illustrate the calculation used for the calculation of a perceived luminance value for determining the optimum angle of inclination; FIG. 8 comprises four diagrams (8a), (8b), (8c) and (8d) each illustrating an image with the representation of a cloud observed at a past instant (t-2), of the same cloud observed at a instant past (t-1), of the same cloud observed at a present time (t) and of the same cloud predicted by prediction at a future instant (t + 1); FIG. 9 represents three mappings of the solar luminance, to which the corresponding optimum inclination angles are associated below, including a mapping at a present instant (t) and two mapping predictions at future times (t +). 1) and (t + n); FIG. 10 is a representation in the form of a functional diagram of the functional elements used for the implementation of a control method according to the invention; FIG. 11 represents five predicted curves calculated for a first potential scenario defined during the servo-control step e), with from top to bottom, a curve of evolution of the future optimal inclination angle (or predicted ) calculated in step d), an evolution curve of the angle of inclination of the solar tracker, a curve of evolution of the energy consumption necessary to modify the orientation of the solar tracker, a curve of evolution of the expected additional solar energy production, and an expected energy efficiency evolution curve; FIG. 12 represents five predicted curves (identical to those of FIG. 11) calculated for a second potential scenario. With reference to FIG. 2, a single-axis solar tracker 1 orientable around a rotation axis A, of the type comprising a fixed anchoring structure 11 consisting of one or more ground-anchored pylons, for example by threshing, screwing, bolting, ballasting, or other equivalent means for fixing and stabilizing the fixed structure 11. The solar tracker 1 further comprises a mobile platform 25 mounted to rotate on the fixed structure 11 along the axis of rotation A, and more specifically rotatably mounted on the upper ends of the or pylons. This platform 12 is able to support at least one solar collector 13, and in particular one or more photovoltaic panels. With reference to FIG. 2 and FIGS. 7a and 7b, the axis of rotation A 30 is substantially horizontal and directed along a longitudinal axis X in the north-south direction. When the solar tracker 1 is flat (as can be seen in FIGS. 2, 7a and 7b) with its horizontal platform 12, the platform 12 extends along a horizontal plane defined by the longitudinal axis X and by a transverse axis Y according to the east-west direction, orthogonal to a vertical axis Z.
    [0004] 303 713 3 11 For the following description, the angle of inclination of the solar tracker 1 (or angle of inclination of the platform 12 and the solar collector (s) 13) corresponds to the angle of the normal to the platform 12 vis-à-vis the vertical axis Z taken in the plane (Y, Z). Thus, when the solar follower 1 is flat, this angle of inclination is 0 degrees. The solar tracker 1 also comprises an observation system 2 of the cloud cover above the solar tracker 1, in other words for the observation of the sky above the solar tracker 1. This observation system 2 can be associated with a single solar tracker 1 or, economically, be shared with several solar trackers. The observation system 2 is fixed, and can be raised from the ground, for example, mounted on a pole 20. The solar tracker 1 further comprises an actuating system (not shown in Figure 2 and bearing the reference numeral 3 in Figure 10) 15 which ensures the rotation of the platform 12 along the axis of rotation A. This actuating system 3 comprises an actuator, for example of the type jack (electric, pneumatic or hydraulic) or motor electric (eg rotary motor). This actuating system 3 further comprises a mechanical system for transmitting the movement at the output of the actuator (rotary movement for a rotary motor, or linear movement for a jack) in a rotational movement of the platform 12. This system transmission mechanism may be, by way of non-limiting example, a deformable parallelogram system, a pulley return system, a pinion system, a chain system, a belt system, a clutch system, a system with transmission shaft, connecting rod system, etc. It is conceivable that the actuator is specific to the solar tracker 1, or is shared between several solar trackers. In the case where the actuator is shared, the platforms 12 of the different solar trackers are advantageously coupled in rotation, for a synchronous rotation under the effect of the common actuator. With reference to FIG. 10, the solar tracker 1 also comprises a control unit 4 of the electronic card type, which is connected to the observation system 2 in order to receive its observations (or observations data) and which is also in conjunction with the actuating system 35 3 to control its operation and thus control the rotation of the platform 12, in other words the orientation of the solar tracker 1.
    [0005] This control unit 4 comprises several modules, namely: a cartographic module 40 designed to translate or convert each observation made by the observation system 2 into a two-dimensional mapping of the solar luminance, by associating each cartography with one another; time instant; an archiving module 41 which archives each cartography generated by the cartographic module 40; a forecast computing module 42 which calculates a future evolution of the cloud cover on the basis of the observed previous evolution of the cloud cover, and more precisely calculates two-dimensional predictive maps of the solar luminance for future times, this module prediction calculator 42 performing these calculations on the basis of mappings generated in real time by the cartographic module 40 and on the basis of past mappings archived in the archiving module 41; An optimal tilt angle calculation module 43 which calculates the optimum tilt angle for each cartography generated in real time by the cartographic module 40 (in other words, the optimum tilt angle at the present moment ) and for each forecast map from the prediction module 42 (that is, the optimal tilt angles for future times); an optimum inclination angle evolution module 44 which retrieves all the optimum inclination angles from the optimal inclination angle calculation module 43 in order to establish the evolution of the angle of inclination optimal inclination, and thus to anticipate and anticipate the changes of optimum inclination angle; A parameter module of the solar tracker 45 which includes parameters relating to the speed of movement of the actuating system 3 (and therefore to the speed necessary for a change of orientation), parameters relating to the energy consumption. necessary to the actuating system 3 for a change of orientation, parameters relating to the production of solar energy generated by the solar collector (s) 13 as a function of the solar luminance received, and parameters relating to a rate of wear of the mechanical members of the solar follower 1 biased during a change of orientation of the solar tracker 1, these parameters being in particular a function of the angular difference between the beginning and the end of a change of orientation; An astronomical calculation module 46 which calculates in real time the position of the sun, and therefore the direct inclination angle defined by the direction of the direct solar radiation at the level of the solar tracker 1; a servo module 47 which calculates the slaving of the orientation of the solar tracker 1, in other words the servo-control of its angle of inclination, as a function of the evolution of the optimum inclination angle coming from the module 44, the various parameters from the module 45 and the direct inclination angle from the module 46, where the servo module 47 outputs an angular setpoint to the actuating system 3 to control changes Orientation of the platform 12 of the solar tracker 1. It should be noted that this control unit 4 may be specific to the solar tracker 1, or be shared between several solar trackers, and preferably between several solar trackers joined in line (s). extending from north to south) in linear solar installations.
    [0006] In a first embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, the observation system 2 comprises a support 21, in particular in the form of a hemispherical dome, supporting photosensitive cells 22. These photosensitive cells 22 are positioned along several bands (or lines) distributed along several so-called elevation angles ei which are measured with respect to the vertical axis Z in the plane (Y, Z), the mark (X, Y, Z) being centered on the center O The angle of elevation ei is therefore closer to the angle of inclination of the solar tracker 1. In the example of FIG. 3, the photosensitive cells 22 are distributed in seven bands at angles d elevation of 0, + 01, + 02, + 03, - 01, - 02 25 and - 03; with for example [01] = 30 degrees, [02] = 60 degrees and [03] = 90 degrees. These elevation angles ei are also visible in Figure 7b. On each band are present one or more photosensitive cells 22. In the case of a band of several photosensitive cells 22, the photosensitive cells 22 of the same band are distributed according to several so-called angles of azimuth Rj which are measured vis-à-vis with respect to the vertical axis Z in the plane (X, Z). Thus, in addition to being distributed according to the bands at different elevation angles ei, the photosensitive cells 22 are also distributed along columns at different azimuth angles Rj. These azimuth angles Rj are visible in FIG. 7a.
    [0007] In general, the more the first observation system 2 comprises photosensitive cells 22, and in particular the more the observation system 2 comprises photosensitive cell strips 22, and the better will be the resolution and the angular precision. These photosensitive cells 22 may be of the same technology as the photovoltaic panels 13 in order to be able to apply a weighting depending on the range of useful wavelength to the photovoltaic panels 13. Preferably, these photosensitive cells 22 will be subject to a preliminary calibration to obtain a better precision. Thus, with such a first observation system 2, by recovering the measurements of the brightness of each photosensitive cell 22 and by knowing the elevation angles ei (or associated angles of inclination) of the different bands and the angles of With the azimuth Rj of the various columns, the cartographic module 40 converts an observation made by the observation system 2 into a two-dimensional mapping of the solar luminance.
    [0008] This map 5 forms a solar luminance map (or matrix) distributed according to: several bands (i) (i integer) established in a first direction parallel to the axis of rotation A (and therefore parallel to the X axis) ) and respectively associated with different angles of elevation or inclination ei, so that each band 50 (i) corresponds to an inclination angle ei of the solar tracker 1, and - several columns 51 (j) (j whole ) established in a second horizontal direction and orthogonal to the axis of rotation A (and therefore parallel to the Y axis) and respectively associated with different azimuth angles Rj.
    [0009] Thus, the map 5 comprises N boxes (where N corresponds to the number of photosensitive cells 22 and N = [i x j]) and each box corresponds to a value (absolute or relative) of solar luminance Lum (i, j). In FIG. 4 on the left, an example of a first observation system 2 is schematically illustrated flat and comprises nine photosensitive cells 22 distributed along three bands B1, B2, B3 which are associated with three elevation angles (or angles of rotation). inclination), and in three columns C1, C2, C3 which are associated with three azimuth angles. To this first observation system 2 corresponds a mapping 5 with three bands 50 (1), 50 (2), 50 (3) and three columns 51 (1), 51 (2), 51 (3), and where the Solar luminance values are expressed in relative percentages.
    [0010] In a second embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, the observation system 2 comprises a camera, notably of the hemispherical camera type, in order to extract images from the sky. Advantageously, the second observation system 25 (hereinafter referred to as a camera) is designed to take images in a spectral width sufficient for the solar collector technology 13, and in particular the photovoltaic panel (s). Referring to FIG. 6, the camera 2 delivers a raw IMB image of the sky which is then delivered to the map module 40 to convert this raw IMB image (or observation) into a two-dimensional mapping of the solar luminance. To this two-dimensional IMB raw image is associated a reference (X, Y), these X and Y axes having already been defined above. The cartographic module 40 implements a succession of image processing steps starting from the raw image IMB to the mapping 5. In a first step POND, the cartographic module 40 implements a frequency weighting applied. on the raw image IMB (or video signal) recovered, to obtain a so-called weighted image IMP; this frequency weighting consisting in applying a frequency filter on the observation (either the observation made by the photosensitive cells 22 or the observation made by the camera) which is a function of both the frequency response of the observation system 2 (be it the photosensitive cells 22 or the camera) and the useful frequency band (or spectral response) to the photovoltaic panels 13.
    [0011] In a second step, TRAIT, the cartographic module 40 implements a processing of the weighted image IMP consisting in correcting the image of the defects (noise suppression processing, glare treatment or blooming), processing of the image saturation, ...) to obtain a so-called IMT-treated image. Then, the cartographic module 40 implements a calculation (ie 30 pixels per pixel, or zone by zone where each zone comprises several pixels) of the distribution of the solar luminance on the IMT processed image in order to generate an initial map C1 forming a solar luminance map (or matrix) distributed in a plurality of bands respectively associated with different elevation or inclination angles e (i) and along a plurality of columns 35 respectively associated with different azimuth angles; such initial mapping being equivalent to that already described above. In Fig. 6, the solar luminance values of the initial map IC are expressed in relative percentages. In a third step SENS, the cartographic module 40 applies on the initial map IC a coefficient dependent on the variation of the sensitivity of the camera 2, in order to generate a map 5 of the same type as the map described above. Indeed, the amplitude (or brightness) of the data delivered by the camera 2 is proportionally related to the value of the solar radiation, so that this coefficient takes into account this proportionality depending on the variation of the sensitivity of the camera 2.
    [0012] Thus, the cartographic module 40 generates a map 5 forming a solar luminance map (or matrix) distributed along several bands 50 (i) respectively associated with different angles of elevation or inclination ei and according to several columns 51 (j) associated respectively with different azimuth angles Rj. In the example of Figure 6, the map 5 comprises five bands 50 (1), ..., 50 (5) and seven columns 51 (1), ..., 51 (7), and the values of solar luminance are expressed in percentage terms. The resolution of the map 5 (in other words the number of bands and columns) and thus the angular precision depend on the fineness of the image processing implemented by the cartographic module 40, and also the sensitivity and the resolution. of the observation system 2. For the first observation system with photosensitive cells 22, this sensitivity depends on the sensitivity of the photosensitive cells 22, and this resolution depends on the number and distribution of the photosensitive cells 22. For the second observation system 2 of the camera type, this sensitivity and this resolution depend on the quality of the camera. From such a map 5 (whether it comes from one or the other of the two observation systems 2 described above), the optimal angle of inclination calculation module 43 implements a calculation based on this mapping 5 to extract an optimum inclination angle eopt which corresponds to the angle of inclination (or elevation angle) with which a maximum of solar luminance is associated. For this calculation, and with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7, the optimal inclination angle calculation module 43 implements a succession of sub-steps. This succession of substeps is an example of a calculation mode or an algorithm, and the invention can not of course be limited to this example. In a first sub-step, the optimal tilt angle calculation module 43 calculates, for each band 50 (i) of the map 5, an equivalent luminance value Leq (i) from the set of luminance values L (i, j) taken in the band 50 (i). For each band 50 (i), the equivalent luminance value Leq (i) of the band 50 (i) is a function of the luminance values L (i, j) taken in the band 50 (i) and azimuth angles Rj of the different columns 51 (j) according to the following formula (with reference to FIG. 7a): Leq (i) = Lum (i, j) x cos Rj This gives a matrix MLeq of the equivalent luminance values Leq ( i) associated with the different bands 50 (i). In a second substep, the optimal tilt angle calculation module 43 calculates, for each band 50 (i) of the map 5, a perceived luminance value Lperc (i) by the tracking support 1 from equivalent luminance values Leq (i) calculated for all the bands during the first substep, and from the angles of inclination (or elevation) ei associated with the bands 50 (i), according to the following formula ( with reference to Figure 7b): Lperc (i) = Leq (k) x cos (61i-0k) xp (i, 20 where p (i, k) = 1 if abs (ei-ek) <90 degrees, and p (i, k) = 0 otherwise The coefficient takes into account that, beyond a 90 degree angular difference, the radiation is not received by the flat solar collector (s). Lperc (i) perceived luminance values associated with the different bands 50 (i) In a final substep, the optimal tilt angle calculation module 43 retains the optimum tilt angle eopt as the angle of inclination (or elevation) associated with the band having the highest perceived luminance value Lperc (i).
    [0013] The calculation module 42 calculates predicted maps 6 of the solar luminance for future instants (t + nP), where n is a non-zero integer and P the period of the observation carried out periodically and repetitively by the system. These predictive maps 6 are established on the basis of the maps generated in real time by the cartographic module 40 and on the basis of the past 5 maps archived in the archiving module 41. FIG. 8 illustrates four examples. situation of a cloud cover evolving during the course, with four diagrams 8a, 8b, 8c and 8d each representing an image with the representation of a cloud observed at a given moment (t-2), of the same cloud observed at a given moment passed (t-1), from the same cloud observed at a present time (t) and from the same predicted cloud at a future time (t + 1) (the period P is 1 in FIG. 8). The predictive calculation is based on a consideration of the past evolution of solar luminance, between several past moments and the present moment, and in particular of the evolution of the distribution of the solar luminance and the velocity of the solar luminance. evolution of solar luminance. This provisional calculation can be based on a sliding time window, that is to say a window comprising a predefined number of past mappings. This provisional calculation is used to establish short-term forecasting maps 6 (or mapping forecasts). As a non-limitative example, the notion of short-term covers calculations on a future horizon of a maximum of ten to thirty minutes, or even a maximum of one to two hours. It is of course possible to envisage predictive calculations in the longer term.
    [0014] The algorithm implemented for such a provisional calculation may possibly include improvements such as: - taking into account forecast errors to improve future forecasts (indeed, it is possible to compare the maps present with the cartographic forecasts done earlier, in order to learn from it and to improve it); - Recognize cloud types based on the mapping through a database and / or through analyzes or surveys done in the past, so as to make longer-term forecasts based on cloud types.
    [0015] The algorithm implemented for such a provisional calculation can also take into account the evolution of the position of the sun in the sky, especially if the predicted calculation is made for future times sufficiently far away (for example, beyond 30 minutes) for the change in the position of the sun to influence the evolution of the solar luminance. This taking into account of the position of the sun in the provisional calculation is illustrated by the link arrow in broken line in FIG. 10 between the provisional calculation module 42 and the astronomical calculation module 46. As can be seen in FIG. 9, the provisional calculation module 42 establishes predictive maps 6, and each forecast map 6 is associated with an optimal forward tilt angle θ calculated by the optimal tilt angle calculation module 43, according to the same calculation method previously described. Thus, the optimal inclination angle evolution module 44 retrieves all optimal inclination angles (those of the past mappings, those of the present cartography, and those of the forecast mappings 6) and establishes a future evolution of the optimum angle of inclination eopt. and thus to predict and anticipate the changes in the optimum inclination angle Finally, the servo-control module 47 slaves the orientation of the solar tracker 1 as a function of the past and the future evolution of the optimal inclination angle 20 eopt , and also according to the energy consumption Cons necessary to change the orientation of the solar tracker 1, the rotational speed of the solar tracker 1, and the production of additional solar energy Prod obtained with a change of 'orientation. With reference to FIGS. 11 and 12, the servo-control module 47 is based on the future evolution of the optimum inclination angle eopt (first curve from the top). In the example given, the optimal angle of inclination eopt forecast changes value to reach a target value Oc, for example due to a prediction of passage of a cloud in front of the sun, the future moment 30 t1 until the future t2, before returning to its initial value. The servo module 47 establishes a potential scenario in which the angle of inclination e of the solar tracker 1 is modified starting from a present inclination angle Op until reaching the optimal angle of inclination future, in this case follow the prediction of evolution of the optimum angle of inclination.
    [0016] In the example given, the scenario consists in slaving the angle of inclination e on the first curve, and this slaving depends on the speed of displacement in rotation of the solar follower 1, in order to obtain a second curve of the evolution of the inclination angle e of the solar tracker 1 5 during the change of orientation of the scenario. Indeed, the solar tracker 1 has a necessary travel time to reach the optimum target angle of inclination Oc. Thanks to the predictive calculation, the displacement of the solar tracker 1 is anticipated, in this case starting earlier at time t10 (before t1) 10 until reaching the target value Oc at t11 (after t1), then by starting in advance the return at time t11 (prior to t2) until returning to the present inclination angle Op at time t13 (after t2). The servo module 47 determines the evolution of the energy consumption Cons necessary to modify the orientation of the solar tracker according to the second curve, in order to obtain a third curve of the evolution of this energy consumption. ; the solar follower 1 consuming during the phases of change of orientation, between times t10 and t11 and between times t12 and t13. The servo module 47 determines the evolution of the additional production Prod (or production gain) expected by following the second curve of evolution of the angle of inclination e rather than remaining at the angle of present inclination Op, in order to obtain a fourth curve of the evolution of this production Prod. This additional production Prod thus corresponds to the expected production gain if one follows the scenario rather than to remain at the initial situation or present on the present angle Op. In the example given, the production Prod is negative between the instants. t10 and t1 and between the instants t2 and t13 which correspond to periods when the angle of inclination e moves away from the angle of inclination eopt, and the production Prod is positive between times t1 and t2 which correspond to a period when the angle of inclination e approaches or equals the angle of inclination eopt. The servo module 47 determines the evolution of the expected energy yield based on the difference between the production Prod and the consumption of energy Cons, giving a fifth curve corresponding to the difference between the fourth curve and the third curve, otherwise says Rend = Prod - Cons.
    [0017] In the example given, the yield Rend is negative between times t10 and t1 and between times t2 and t13, and the yield Rend is positive between times t1 and t2. Finally, the servo module 47 follows the scenario (that is to say, slaves the solar tracker according to the second curve) if the energy efficiency is generally positive for the scenario, otherwise the orientation of the solar tracker 1 is maintained at the angle of inclination present Op. Overall energy efficiency is established by studying performance over the entire scenario period.
    [0018] In the example of FIG. 11, the overall efficiency is negative, since the sum of the Srn areas where the yield is negative (between t10 and t1 and between t2 and t13) is greater than the Srp surface area where the yield is positive ( between t1 and t2). The example of FIG. 11 corresponds, for example, to a situation where the estimated transit time (corresponding to the interval [t 2 - t 1]) of a cloud in front of the sun is too short compared to the time required for a change in 'orientation (corresponding to the interval [t1 - t10] or [t13 - t2]). In the example of FIG. 12, the overall efficiency is positive, since the sum of the Srn surfaces where the yield is negative (between t10 and t1 and between t2 and t13) is less than the Srp surface where the yield is positive ( between t1 and t2). The example of FIG. 12 corresponds, for example, to a situation where the estimated transit time (corresponding to the interval [t2-t1]) of a cloud in front of the sun is long compared to the time required for a change of orientation (corresponding to the interval [t1 - t10] or [t13 - t2]).
    [0019] Thus, in the example of FIG. 11, the servo module 47 does not follow the scenario and maintains the orientation at the present value Op, while in the example of FIG. 12, the servo module 47 follows the scenario and provides a servo of the angle of inclination according to the second curve.
    [0020] Naturally, the implementation example mentioned above is not limiting in nature and further improvements and details can be made to the solar tracker according to the invention, without departing from the scope of the invention. other types of fixed structure or platform may for example be made. 35
    权利要求:
    Claims (15)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. A method for controlling the orientation of a single-axis solar tracker (1) orientable about an axis of rotation (A), said method implementing the following steps: a) observing the evolution over time of the cloud cover above the solar tracker (1); b) determining the evolution over time of an optimum inclination angle (eopt) of the solar tracker (1) substantially corresponding to a maximum of solar radiation on the solar tracker (1), depending on the cloud cover observed; (c) predict future changes in cloud cover based on previous observed cloud cover trends; d) calculate the future evolution of the optimal inclination angle (eopt) according to the forecast of the future evolution of the cloud cover; e) control the orientation of the solar tracker (1) according to the previous evolution of the optimal angle of inclination (eopt) and according to the future evolution of the optimal angle of inclination (eopt).
    [0002]
    2. The driving method as claimed in claim 1, in which, during step b), the observation of the cloud cover is translated into a two-dimensional mapping (5) of the solar luminance and this mapping (5) is used to determine the optimal angle of inclination (eopt).
    [0003]
    3. Control method according to claim 2, wherein, during step a), each mapping (5) is established in two directions, a first and a second direction, and, in step b), optimum tilt angle (eopt) is calculated for each mapping (5) by implementing the following steps: - the mapping (5) constitutes a solar luminance map (Lum (i, j)) distributed in bands ( 50 (i)) parallel to the first direction and respectively associated with different elevation angles (0i) and along columns (51 (j)) parallel to the second direction and respectively associated with different azimuth angles (Rj), at each band (50 (i)) corresponding to an angle of inclination (0i) of the solar tracker (1); Calculating for each band (50 (i)) an equivalent luminance value (Leq (i)) from the set of luminance values (lum (i, j)) taken in the band (50 (i )); calculating for each band (50 (i)) a perceived luminance value (Lperc (i)) by the follower support (1) from the equivalent luminance values (Leq (i)) calculated for all the bands and at from the angles of inclination associated with the bands; hold the optimum tilt angle (eopt) as the tilt angle associated with the band with the highest perceived luminance value.
    [0004]
    4. Control method according to claim 3, wherein the first direction (X) is parallel to the axis of rotation (A) of the solar tracker (1) and the second direction (Y) is horizontal and orthogonal to the first direction (X). 15
    [0005]
    5. Driving method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the observation of the cloud cover is performed by one of the following methods: - taking images of the sky from the ground using a device shooting, such as a camera; Measuring the solar luminance from the ground by means of a set of several photosensitive cells; - Satellite image recovery from the sky above the solar tracker (1).
    [0006]
    6. The control method as claimed in claim 1, in which, during step b), a frequency weighting step 25 is applied to the observation which is a function of both an answer frequency of the observation and a frequency band useful to the solar collector.
    [0007]
    7. A control method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein: to carry out step a), the cloud cover is periodically observed at several consecutive times, the instant t corresponding to the present instant 3037133 24 and the duration P corresponding to the period of time between two consecutive observations; to carry out step b), the optimum inclination angle (eopt) is calculated for each observation of the cloud cover at each instant; 5 - to carry out step c), at each instant present t is calculated at least one forecast of cloud cover at a future time t + nP, where n is a non-zero integer, at least from the observations of the cloud cover at several instants passed t-mP, where m is a non-zero integer; to perform step d), for each forecast of cloud cover at 10 a future time t + nP is calculated an optimal angle of inclination (eopt).
    [0008]
    8. The driving method as claimed in claim 7, in which, during step d), the optimum angle of inclination (eopt) for a forecast of cloud cover is calculated according to a calculation method equivalent to that used during step b) to calculate the optimum inclination angle θ (eopt) for an observation of the cloud cover.
    [0009]
    9. Control method according to claims 2 and 7, wherein: to carry out step b), at each instant present t is established a two-dimensional mapping (5) of the solar luminance from the observation made to the moment t, and the optimum inclination angle (eopt) is calculated for each mapping (5) at each instant; to carry out step c), at each present moment t is calculated at least one forecast map (6) at a future time t + nP, where n is a non-zero integer, at least from the maps (5) at several times passed t-mP, where m is a non-zero integer; To perform step d), for each forecast map (6) at a future time t + nP is calculated an optimal angle of inclination (eopt) future.
    [0010]
    10. Control method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, in step e), the slaving of the orientation of the solar tracker (1) is also performed as a function of the energy consumption. (Cons) necessary to change the orientation of the solar tracker (1). 3037133 25
    [0011]
    The driving method as claimed in claim 10, wherein, during step e), a potential scenario is established in which the angle of inclination of the solar tracker (1) is modified starting from an angle d inclination present (Op) until reaching an optimal angle of inclination 5 (eopt) future established in step d), and this potential scenario are associated calculations of: - the evolution of the angle d inclination of the solar tracker (1) during the change of orientation from the present inclination angle (Op) until reaching the optimal angle of inclination (eopt) future, this evolution 10 depending on the rotational speed of the solar tracker (1); the evolution of the energy consumption (Cons) necessary to modify the orientation of the solar tracker (1); - the evolution of the additional solar energy production (Prod) expected with such a change of orientation; 15 - the evolution of expected energy efficiency (Rend) based on the difference between solar energy production and energy consumption; and then the orientation of the solar tracker (1) is slaved to said future optimum tilt angle (eopt) if the energy efficiency is generally positive for the scenario, otherwise the orientation of the solar tracker (1) is maintained at angle of inclination present.
    [0012]
    12. Control method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein, in step e), the control of the orientation of the solar tracker (1) is also performed as a function of an angle of 25 °. so-called direct inclination established by an astronomical calculation of the position of the sun.
    [0013]
    13. The driving method according to claims 11 and 12, wherein the present orientation angle corresponds to the direct inclination angle.
    [0014]
    14. Control method according to any one of the preceding claims, in which, during step e), the control of the orientation of the solar follower (1) is also performed as a function of a rate of wear of mechanical members of the solar tracker (1) biased during a change of orientation of the solar tracker (1). 3037133 26
    [0015]
    15. Solar tracker (1) single-axis orientable about an axis of rotation (A), of the type comprising a fixed structure (11) for anchoring to the ground and a platform (12) adapted to support at least one solar collector (13), said platform (12) being operable in rotation on the fixed structure (11) along said axis of rotation (A) by means of an actuating system (3), said solar follower (1) being characterized in that it further comprises an observation system (2) for the evolution over time of the cloud cover over the solar tracker (1) and a control unit (4) in connection with a on the other hand, with the observation system 10 (2) for receiving its observations data and, on the other hand, with the actuating system (3) for controlling the rotation of the platform (12), where said unit of control (4) is shaped to implement steps b) to e) of the driving method according to any one of the preceding claims. 15
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    US20180152134A1|2018-05-31|
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    法律状态:
    2016-05-31| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 2 |
    2016-12-09| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20161209 |
    2017-12-07| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 3 |
    2020-06-25| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 6 |
    2021-06-29| PLFP| Fee payment|Year of fee payment: 7 |
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    FR1555063A|FR3037133B1|2015-06-03|2015-06-03|METHOD OF CONTROLLING PREDICTIVE ORIENTATION OF A SOLAR FOLLOWER|FR1555063A| FR3037133B1|2015-06-03|2015-06-03|METHOD OF CONTROLLING PREDICTIVE ORIENTATION OF A SOLAR FOLLOWER|
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    PT192109205T| PT3628939T|2015-06-03|2016-05-31|Method for predictive control of the orientation of a solar tracker|
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